enowning
Sunday, February 26, 2006
 
Continuing on to the second paragraph on the subject of being from Miguel De Beistegui's paper. The question under consideration is "What, then, is the proposition of being?".
To address this question, we need to take a further look at the word under investigation here: being. Or rather, perhaps, Sein. For the word being, as a present participle turned substantive, already takes us further in the direction which the German Sein only suggests, resisting it a bit more, tarrying a while longer this side of metaphysics, before allowing it to slip into representation. Before being a noun, before having been reified by the inevitable and long since legitimized impulse of representational thought, Sein is a verb. And an infinitive. And verbs, particularly in the infinitive, refer to events, first and foremost. They refer to those events that are subject-less, those events to which belongs a certain anonymity or, rather, a certain preindividuality, events, in other words, that refer to a certain happening, to something of which we can say that it is taking place, without its taking place being the effect or the doing of any thing or agent—an event, in other words, which is not an accident of a substance. Thus, being as event must be distinguished not only from ousia and quidditas, from essence in its classical determination, but also from the sense of accidens complicit with such a determination, in which an accident is seen as something that happens to a pregiven substance, a substance given entirely independently of the movement of accident to which it is subjected. The thinking of being as event will require a reversal of this order, so that substances themselves will come to be seen as happenings, as accidents, as it were, of a primordial and forever recurring event, which itself cannot be assimilated with another more primordial and superior form of substantiality. Examples of pure events, with which the event of being would have some affinity, would be revealed in propositions such as: "it is raining," "it is snowing," "es regnet," "llueve," "piove," Crh ("it is necessary"), etc. In each case, the verb is pointing purely to that which is taking place or rather to the taking place or the happening itself, which is entirely indissociable from that which is actually taking place. There is no subject withdrawn from or in excess of the taking place: the taking place is itself the subject: in "es regnet," or "it rains," the "es" or the "it" is not so much the subject of the verb as the doubling or the underlying of the verb-event (Spanish and Italian, Latin and Ancient Greek do not even have recourse to such semblances of subject). Here, the subject is the verb, and the verb is pure event. Such, then, is the way in which being itself must be heard and experienced: as an event, as something that is happening or taking place, yet not on the basis of something other than itself—a pure event, a subject-event. As Heidegger himself puts it, after the series of transformations to which the Seinsfrage is submitted in the course of nearly fifty years: "es gibt Sein," "das Sein west," "das Ereignis ereignet," etc. In this regard, it is no different from the event "rain." And yet, in another sense, it is quite different from the event "rain," insofar as it designates not so much a particular event, an event alongside other events, but the event of all events, or better said perhaps, the eventness or eventuality of all events. To address the question regarding the type of discourse that is adequate to being, we need to go one step further and raise the question regarding the kind of question that is suited to events and to the event of being in particular. For this question can evidently not be that question that so decisively shaped the fate of philosophy, the question with which, in the face of a thing or an object, philosophical inquiry says we must begin: quid est?, what is it? Indeed, this question, the question that will have guided metaphysics throughout its history, is such as to point inevitably and from the outset in the direction of essences. It is a question that is adapted to a certain interpretation of being as ousia, and of ousia as upokeimenon, in other words, as essence-substance. And, as Heidegger will have shown, this type of inquiry inevitably and lamentably points to what is most general and most common amongst beings, and so to something ultimately seen as vague and empty, "general" in the most vacuous sense of the term. Events escape the grasp of metaphysics, for they are without essence: their very essence is to not obey the law of essence understood as quiddity. Now if Heidegger does indeed deploy the classical determination of essence (Wesen) anew, rescuing it from its metaphysical appropriation, it is only at the cost of a formidable and daring transformation that equates the operation of essence with movement as such, verbalizing it, de-reifying it, allowing it to coincide with the very movement of unfolding, with being as such; it is only, and ironically, to overturn the notion of essence so that, from being the first and highest substance, it becomes a pure event, being as becoming or happening. Thus, the essence of a flower is not its eidoV, but its flowering, much in the same sense in which, in Perrault’s tale, the grass is grasped in its essence as "greening" (verdoyer) and the summer sun as "dusting" (poudroyer). The essence of being itself is to be; it is the movement of essence as such: wesen. It is, in other words, the unfolding that is proper to the thing in its thinging, the event or the eventing of the thing. It is, if you prefer, the event of all events or, more specifically still, the eventfulness of every event or Wesen. Essences, on the other hand, at least in their classical formulation as quiddity, are equated with the being of a thing precisely as the negation of the becoming or the eventuality that is implicated in the thing, which is then relegated to the status of contingency, accidentality.
Continued.
 
Comments:
I’ve been looking at this essay for a while. Years ago I read Heidegger, but I have forgotten a good deal. The account that you give is consistent with what I remember from Being and Time, in that B&T quite early renders Husserl’s eidos or essence as secondary for reasons you suggest. Then it turns to discussing Dasein as having an horizon as Husserl suggests, but without metaphysical baggage, hence Heidegger titles his work “Being and Time”, because being has to be discussed within the conditions of time, but without Husserl’s baked-in ontology. In B&T there is no rejection of time. (Page 1, B&T, “Our provisional aim is the Interpretation of time as the possible horizon for any understanding whatsoever of Being.”)

The later Heidegger, however, has always given me trouble, though your account is quite clear. When you say that Heidegger moves toward the “pure event”, is this what underlies the horizon(the time in Being and Time), so that a movement of philosophy is possible beyond Dasein? I.e., beyond the horizon? If so, then in getting away from thinking as an exercise( following Aristotle’s categories all the way to the notion of being as a transcendental), how does thinking( or experiencing as you put it) work in its new posture toward being?

I don’t intend to be the least argumentative here. I met Glenn Grey many years ago and I could not follow what he was saying about “What is called "Thinking"?
 
The posted paragraph is nicked from Miguel's paper, and perhaps he'll drop in to answer himself. In the meantime, I can have a go at answering some of your questions.

Taking it as given in the paragraph that a "pure event", such as "it rains", is a manifestation of das Ereignis ereignet, or enowning enowns, then, yes, such a pure event is what underlies the horizon, because Ereignis is bound-up with Dasein's finitude, or what can possibly be meaningful.

However, is a movement in philosophy possible beyond Dasein? I don't think so because Dasein is the being that asks the question of the meaning of its own being--the being that philosophizes. So philosophy must always be bound by Dasein's finitude, or horizon; almost a tautology.

Now the study of Dasein was only the beginning, the first two divisions, of Heidegger's intended project, the parts that begun from the ground up, by questioning about being starting from Dasein, rather that the opposite direction, questioning from being, as such. Division one asks about humans in the world. Division two asks about being-in-the-world as finitude. Division three would have asked how that finitude determines the form of all beings.

In some sense, Heidegger would spend the rest of his career working on division three: how the meaningfulness of things is possible, or how Ereignis makes being possible. Or as you put it, how does thinking work in its new posture toward being?

And that's certainly something I don't think can be addressed in a mere comment to a blog post, late on a weekend!

Apropos What is called Thinking?. There, responding to a question, Heidegger suggests students first spend 10 to 15 years studying Aristotle.
 
Ok. Thank you for your charitable reply. I’m looking at your account below.

“Now the study of Dasein was only the beginning, the first two divisions, of Heidegger's intended project, the parts that begun from the ground up, by questioning about being starting from Dasein, rather that the opposite direction, questioning from being, as such. Division one asks about humans in the world. Division two asks about being-in-the-world as finitude. Division three would have asked how that finitude determines the form of all beings.”

I misunderstood Heidegger when I read him the first time, because I did not understand Division 2. I read it. My text is all marked up. But I did not see a point that set it apart from what had gone on in Division 1. I saw it as a further spelling out of distinctions that had been raised in Division 1.

So Division 3, which would go beyond Division 2, would necessarily escape me.

Are you saying that Division 2, when it analyzes ‘care’ , the call of ‘care’, resoluteness, etc., makes an argument that casts the distinctions drawn there as somehow primordial with respect to those drawn in Division 1?
 
I don't think the specific experiences in division 2 are more primordial than the general case of being-in-the-world, even if they are more likely to cause Dasein to reflect on the experiences.

There is an article by Dreyfus that discusses this issue in more detail: Could anything be more Intelligible than Everyday Intelligibility?
 
Once again, thank you. Is what would have been Division 3 supposed to be(have been) a more primordial account? Gray spoke of H’s later work as though it were breaking new ground. It sounded mystical to me.

Your remark to which I originally replied in which you say, ” Such, then, is the way in which being itself must be heard and experienced: as an event, as something that is happening or taking place, yet not on the basis of something other than itself—a pure event, a subject-event,” sounds as if H is moving toward something that needs very different terms to handle it, unless it is simply a consequent of saying that he who asks a question about the meaning of being faces his questioning as a taking place, which echoes the early pages of Being and Time.
 
It is not simply that a question takes place, but Heidegger's problem is in the details of how meaning comes to be in answering a question. There is an interplay between how any answer comes into presence must at the same time hide aspects of alternative answers, and how the reaching out towards the answer and the answer's approach occasions a "turning" in the creation of meaning.

Divisions 1 and 2 of Being and Time don't address that aspect of his thinking. The main work that does delve into that is his Contributions to Philosophy. That was only published in the late eighties, and the only translation appeared a decade ago. As with Being and Time, no one seems to be happy with that translation, so there's still much work to be done in explaining Heidegger's thinking.

There are changes in emphasis through out Heidegger's career. I find definate changes from earlier concerns with action and humans, to later writings on "being" doing things and on meditation. I believe those changes account for the general feeling that Heidegger grew more mystical as time went on. That said, I find that Heidegger's central concern, the key question he asks, remains the same from his earliest lectures to his final seminars. His topic is: what causes things to matter, or why are things meaningful, or what is, in his German, das Wesen des Seins selbst.

His answer revolves around his term Ereignis; AKA the neologism enowning, or the appropriative event. That term is absent from Being and Time, and because that is considered his key text, its importance was missed by many commentators.

Heidegger always struggled with the right language to express his thinking. Being and Time introduces many new meanings for words, and the introduction of new terms continued in the later works; one reason the translations are so controversial.
 
God(odd as it may seem to Heideggerians) bless you. Let me think about this, "His topic is: what causes things to matter, or why are things meaningful, or what is, in his German, das Wesen des Seins selbst."

Once again I've pulled my Gray's translation of "Was Heisst Denken" off the shelf and am reading some of the last lectures. I read German fairly well years ago, but I'll have to rely on Gray, who incidentally was one of the nicest big guns I ever met.

I can see how this may be consistent with H's earlier statements about being within the possibilities of the horizon.

I can also see how pragmatists may wrongly root their way into this discourse because of a confusion about H's idea of usefulness.

Give me a day or so, and I’d like to return, if it's all right.
 
Having looked through my old copy of Husserl’s Ideas, it is clear that Husserl sees that the object of consciousness is something perceived in the natural world which has an essence that is also the object of consciousness at an eidetic level. In Being and Time, Heidegger does not reject that eidetic level for those beings that are not Dasein. One can have an understanding of the a priori conditions of the sciences which examine entities as entities of such and such a type and of the entities themselves as provided for by the ontologies that underly those sciences (p31).

The beef with Husserl is with Dasein. It is at the level of the questioning that takes place in consciousness. It is there that Husserl’s conditions for the possibility of consciousness fail because the questioning of Dasein is self-referential, since Dasein is the questioner. So the Husserlian ground under consciousness implodes.

By the time you get through What is Called Thinking, Heidegger has caused the ontological level of the object of Husserl’s consciousness to implode. There is new ground broken by the end of Heidegger’s final lecture, for the being of the flower has another side to it, namely, flowering. The object of consciousness is an ongoing thing, just as Dasein is.

All this is consistent with holding a view of the horizon, that Husserl started with. But the beings within the horizon have changed ontologically.

But what this has to do with the call, with thinking as working with the hands(as Gray remarked to me), I don’t know. Unless the call is a feature of questioning, which I don‘t dispute, I don’t see how you introduce terms like it without becoming mystical.

It makes Heidegger sound like a secular religion with the force of a pompadoured preacher. It makes the call come from beyond the horizon.
 
It's certainly not my intention to explain and excuse every wacky notion Heidegger came up with, but merely to try to clarify what I think are the useful bits.

There's a lot of calling and leaping and swaying and so forth in the Contributions that I've barely begun to digest.

I see Husserl as the last of the modernists. In a way closing the project Descartes began. And Heidegger asks questions outside of the box that modern philosophy found itself in.
 
We're on the same page. Gray did not seem evangelical, when we spoke years ago. It had to be about the time his translation was published.

I have a number of questions that I'd like to settle before Dylan Thomas's geese are nearly in heaven. You've helped me settle one. Thank you.

I'm also curious about Derrida's fascination with Heidegger, even though Heidegger saw the poet and voice as critical, while Derrida had his great objection to voice and replaced it with text.

Also would you say Heidegger is beyond humanism? Or does he reconcile what he is saying to it, as Sartre seems to have done in much of his work.
 
Derrida is someone who understood much of what Heidegger was on about. I've enjoyed reading what he's written on Heidegger, but there is much else he's written that does nothing for me. I find him entertaining and intellectually stimulating, but I haven't found his books to be of critical importance to my understanding of philosophy.

Humanism is a loaded term around Heidegger. He considered it a Latin corruption of original Greek thinking, and his bid for fame after the war began by differenciating his thinking from Sartre's existentialism, which he considered to be limited in the Cartesian Subject. And he's certainly not a liberal or classical humanist. On the other hand, it's hard not to label his privileging of Dasein over other life forms, and other aspects of his works, as some form of humanism, even if it is a Latin term. Perhaps we might call him an anthropist?
 
There is so much to get your arms around with all three of these guys. One might say that Heidegger is a quintessential humanist in his discussion of questioning being in his later work.

Because the questioning is what distinguishes us from machines. There is no reason for a machine to question being. You could write a routine for a machine that might make it seem like it questioned, but that does not account for the call to question.

You can take the call as secular, having it proceed from the context of questioning itself. In this case, the proper home of the questioner is the world. If you take the call as divine, the proper home is a whole ‘nother smoke. Either way, you’ve got a home, which machines don’t have.

The thing that puzzles me about Derrida is that he sees text as the overcoming of voice and writing. With that one move, the human is denied a proper home. Humanism is gone, for the call, secular or divine, has been deconstructed.

For the moment, I’ll consider Sartre here as a tertium non datur.
 
Post a Comment

<< Home
For when Ereignis is not sufficient.

Appropriation appropriates! Send your appropriations to enowning at gmail.com.

View mobile version